The two most common types of pumps are centrifugal and positive displacement. The primary function of both types of pumps is to move fluid from one location to another. They do, however, differ in some ways. Both of these pump groups operate on different principles. The rotating impeller of a centrifugal pump transfers the kinetic energy of the motor to the liquid. The velocity and pressure at the discharge increase as a result. When the motor rpm is constant, the discharge velocity remains constant. Positive displacement pumps, on the other hand, trap a fixed volume of fluid in their cavity and force it to discharge into the pump outlet. As a result, it is a constant volume device. Positive displacement is available in rotary, reciprocating, and diaphragm configurations.
Positive displacement pumps are low-capacity, high-head pumps, whereas centrifugal pumps are high-capacity, low-head pumps. Both types of pumps have a variety of advantages and applications. However, selecting the incorrect pump may result in process failure and a low return on investment.
Here are the differences between centrifugal pump and positive displacement pump:
Fluid handling: The efficiency of a centrifugal pump decreases as the fluid viscosity increases due to frictional losses. As a result, centrifugal pumps are ineffective for highly viscous fluids. Conversely, as viscosity increases, so does the efficiency of a positive displacement pump.
Pump speed and shearing of liquid: Centrifugal pumps operate at high speeds. It causes liquids to shear. As a result, it is unsuitable for sensitive mediums. Positive displacement pumps, on the other hand, operate at lower velocities, resulting in very little shear.
Pump performance: The flow of centrifugal pumps varies with pressure change, whereas the flow of positive displacement pumps remains constant with pressure change. Flow can be controlled by changing the speed of both pumps.
Cavitation: Centrifugal pumps are more susceptible to cavitation than positive displacement pumps due to the presence of entrapped gases. Furthermore, centrifugal pumps are more prone to overheating when operating at low flow rates.
Cost: A positive displacement pump's operational and maintenance costs are typically lower than those of a centrifugal pump. Depending on the positive displacement pump type, the initial cost can be higher or lower than that of a centrifugal pump. Positive displacement pump seals last longer than centrifugal pump seals because of their low-speed operation.
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